1 thought on “What are the ancient hair accessories?”
Desiree
Take a look at the hair accessories of ancient Chinese women: 1, step shake
The step shaking is a puppet or cricket on the top of the pearl and jade. Due to the Women's walking, the skirt must not be kept in the skirt. Move, otherwise it is unstable, but the vertical decoration shaking on the step is swaying, which greatly enriches the beauty of women. Most of the Pebu shakes are women with noble identity. Because of the noble materials used in the hair accessories, the production of the hair accessories is noble, the production is exquisite, and the shape is beautiful, so it is not used by ordinary women. 2, Huasheng
Hua Sheng is a hair accessory inserted on the bun or on the forehead. From the stills of Wang Xifeng in "A Dream of Red Mansions", we can watch the typical golden (Chaoyang Wufeng hanging beads) and Huasheng.
3, combing
This is a must -have hair accessory in ancient times, especially women.子 is a dense combing tool than a comb, which is used to remove dirt at the beginning. 4,
Is who are fifteen years old, they are adults, which is called "and 笄" years. People combed the old woman with a bun, inserted a cricket, and then removed after the gift. 5,
簪 is the development of 笄, which is also used for fixed buns. Use the front end to decorate, carve into plants (flowers), animals (phoenix peacocks), auspicious utensils (Ruyi) and other shapes, and can be made with valuable materials such as gold, jade, ivory, and crickets. Hermore and pan flowers.
6, 钗
Many people are basically the same as the ancient women's hair accessories and crickets. the difference.
Hairstyle:
is an important decoration of women's head, which can increase the beauty of its appearance. The changes in ancient women's hair style are extremely beautiful and versatile. They have been inherited in the past, constantly changing, from simplification to complexity, from complexity and simplicity, and alternately, there are many records. The remaining species. These hair names are named after the meaning of hairstyles and jewelry. Although there are many nicknames, it can be summarized as several basic types according to its editing method and hair style. Briefly describe:
1. The knot -type The hairstyle is made of knot -like. , It is recorded: According to legend, when Emperor Hanwu, the Queen Yaochi came to the meeting. It is decorated with various jewelry, the golden breeze or the step shake, which is more gorgeous and noble. This high -ring hairstyle has one to nine -to -nine -to -nine -time hair style. It is the most distinguished hair style. Hair styles (from the eighty -seven fairy maps and the jade girls of Yongle Palace murals can also be witnessed). Girls who are not out of the room can also be used, but the decoration should not be too gorgeous. It is quite popular. After the Han Dynasty, the various generations of various generations are fairy hairstyles, and celebrity ladies also adopt.
The form of form is high, some, drooping, on the top of the head, there are on both sides, there are on both sides. You can also be ligated at will, change a lot, and can be used flexibly. 2. Wire rotation
Plane, and the post -resurrection of each other. This kind of haircut is to divide the hair into a few stocks, twisting the twist to twist the hair on the head. According to the records, when Zhenhou entered the Wei Palace, the palace was in the palace, and the palace was recorded. There is a green snake. When Zhenhou dresses daily, this snake is tangled, and Zhenhou imitates and combed into a bun. Every day, the snake -shaped change is different, so the number is "Spirit Snake" ①.
This hairstyle is flexible, vivid, and charm, which is easy to use by the goddess and the precious girls who are not out of the room. There are many forms of this hairstyle. In front of the head, the change is vivid and beautiful, and it is particularly common in ancient ladies painting. It can be used flexibly when the shape. 3. It can be seen with the tomb murals. In the tomb murals of Princess Yongtai, the granddaughter of Tang Wu Zetian, there are many stacked snails. According to records; If you do n’t go, the number is the snail. In Chang'an, this kind of “snail” is mainly made of disk. Method, stack the hairpin plate into a snail -shaped, place it on the top of the head or on both sides or the front forehead, and you can also stack a variety of forms at will.
Wang Yuyang's poem praises "green snails like a beautiful meal". According to the method of stacking, you can make a variety of snails. You can use it flexibly in the shape. 4. n The "鬟 鬟 n" in this type of hairline is recorded in the record of the palace concubine in the palace of Emperor Weiwu. In the Terrace ", there is" Tang Wudezhong's half of the bun, anti -ravioli, dividing the hips ". Anti -pumping is a high -row hair, which is also a high -haired hair style. After closing, ligate with silk threads, and then divide several stocks to roll out various styles. It is called "alert bun", and it is also combed into a single or double -knife. It is called "turning the knife", and it also turns multiple shares of hair into fancy, called "Hundred Flowers". There are many forms and techniques, and they are all aggressive or reversed.
This hairstyle is mostly used by the concubine and noble girls. Girls who are not out of the room often leave a tail under the anti -ravioli bun, so that it is dangled behind the shoulders. , Also known as "dividing the” ， ". Although the names of the previous ages are different, their basic hair styles are similar. In the shape, it can be flexibly changed and referenced. 5. N The hairstyles of ancient women are the most common. They are the most widely used and have been adopted in the past. They have been the longest. Use in use. It is just the high, flat, low, low, and vertebrae in front, middle, left and right, and other changes. Behind the head, pull it into a vertebral vertebral after the tie, and use the cricket or 钗 to run through it. It can be rolled into a vertebral, two -to three vertebrae, so that it can be erected on the top or sides of the head. Put the vertebral vertebrae on the head and let it fall down. It is called "fallen horse", also known as the "Liang's new makeup". For a while, Zhao Hede's roll was high when he entered the palace. ". Liang Hong's wife Meng Guang is good to comb the" vertebral hip ". ① These hair styles are all changes in vertebrae. Mastering their combination method can be changed or created all kinds of vertebrae. . Various vertebrae are mostly used by married young women. 6. Symmetric formula
Themodes have been used along the Qin and Han dynasties. Yayu "and" ， “", "Shuangya" is mainly the hair style of court maids and servants. According to rumors, Qin Shihuang Ling the court maid combined with Shuangya, wearing a back and shirt, all the time in the past. It is the same. This hair style is to divide the hair from the top of the top, comb the sides, and tie it to the sides, and then pull it into two major buns to place them symmetrically on both sides. Symmetric knotting, make it down, and be used by folk girls.
"丱 丱" This is a kind of child hair. Therefore, it is called 其 ， ", its shape is to divide the hair into two major stocks, forming symmetrically into two vertebrae, placed on the top of the left and right sides, and a small tail hair is led to the downtown. To the shoulder, it is the main hairstyle of children of all ages. This cicada, Bo Xuan, these two are not hairstyles, but various types of hairstyles must be equipped with two types of buns.
The cicada, according to records, it is made by Mo Qiong tree of Emperor Wei Wen Cao Yu, which is decorated with two buns. Called "Cicada", in the ancient poems, women often have "clouds and fog" sentences. The thin and transparent cicada buns and thick and strong hair style combination and contrast, making women's hairstyles rich and unique. R n r ， ， ， r r r r r 0, "Supu" stipulates that the concubine in the palace must be blog, Mrs. Pingui also must be blog, and Bo Xuan covers her ears, or goes to go to her ears, or goes to go. Half the half -ears later is a kind of etiquette.
The most common hairstyles of women are divided into the above six categories according to their comb. The method of editing, adopting the methods of 鬟, sacrament, plate, 绾, stack, twist, knot, etc., combed more hair styles, and used the combination of dynasties, identities, age, personality, etc. Good women's hair style.
The Tang Dynasty women's hair style and versatile. Traveling. In the palace of the Emperor Ming, the double ring looked at the fairy, the back of the puppet, and the concubine made a sorrow. There is a bun in Zhenyuan, and there are no makeup. There are puppets, shocking stubbornness in Chang'an City, and throwing home and falling. "In addition, in the" Makeup Book ", and" New Tang Book "," Chinese Ancient and Modern Note ", there are also posts on women in the Tang Dynasty. The description of the puppet -style. The archaeological workers of the cultural relics have seen some of the pottery figurines unearthed from the tombs of the Tang Dynasty, as well as some bun styles described in ancient books and murals, but none Changan Pingkangfang and Xuanquan Sancai Kiln unearthed pottery figurines in the western suburbs are so concentrated and diverse. Now I will introduce me and the collection of Tang Changan Sancai Kiln Pottery and their hair styles to be introduced separately in order to from the Tang Dynasty. Women's puzzled hair style spy on the prosperity and openness of the society in the Tang Dynasty. In 1368, the famous ancestor Zhu Yuanzhang became the emperor in Ying Tian, and the country was Ming Ming. After the founding of the Ming Dynasty, he adopted a series of Methods to be practical to resume production. Due to the improvement of productivity, the market has been further expanded, and the new industries have continued to emerge. Some industrial cities have formed. After the regime, we pay attention to rectifying the etiquette that does not meet the customs of the Han nationality, and mostly adopt and restore the system and customs of the Tang and Song dynasties. From the information collected, the hair styles of the Ming Dynasty are not as rich as the Tang and Song dynasties, but It also has some characteristics of this era.
The early inheritance of the Song and Yuan dynasties in the early Ming Dynasty. After Jiajing, the hair style of women has changed significantly. For the hair style, the woman's bun combed into a flat and round shape, and then decorated with flowers on the top of the bun. In the future, it evolves into gold and silver wire, and the bun is combed high. There are many deformation hair styles, such as "peach tip of the top", "goose gallbladder" and the "fallen horse" imitating the Han Dynasty. Similar to the snail buns during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. It is called "handle", which is a simple and generous hair style that Jiangnan women prefer, especially the lack of this bun in the Yahuan. In the folk woman.
If fake 髻: Also known as the puppet, the maid and woman in the Ming Dynasty palace love. The form of fake buns is mostly antique. The method of making is to use iron wire first, and then the hair on the hair becomes a kind of makeup decoration. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, it was specially sold in some jewelry shops and ready -made fake buns.
The head hoop: Also known as "forehead". In the Ming Dynasty, the old women or the little girl were very popular. Just live in the hair, the first fashion is wide and narrow, the practicality is for hair, and the decorative nature is also tied on the forehead. This decoration is from the Ming Dynasty.
peony head: a type of Gao Hao, Suzhou is popular, and then gradually spread to the north. You Di Poems: "It smells that Jiangnan is one foot tall, and the sixth palace is struggling to learn the peony head. "People say that they can't raise their heads, describing their hair type tall, actual about seven inches, fluffy and glorious, and the tail of the hair is applied. This kind of hair style generally places the wigs of the wigs. The palace maid 式 式, wearing lotus crown, 簪
The analysis of the hairstyle of the Qing Dynasty n The ancestors of the Qing Dynasty were the Manchu people who originally lived in northeast China. From this one after another, the Manchu aristocracy entered the Qing Dynasty in 1644 in 1644. Since then in 1911, the Qing Dynasty experienced three stages in the Qing Dynasty. , Further development of the mid -term socio -economic development, capitalism has begun to sprout, and the decline and disintegration of the feudal social system in the end.
After the establishment of a regime in the Governor in the customs, the Han nationality followed the Manchu customs and shaved hair and stayed. The braids are one of them. Women's hair style and makeup decorations in the early Qing Dynasty also retained the characteristics of their own nation, and gradually changed in the future. . In the middle of the period, the hair style is advocated, such as imitating the hair style of the Manchu palace, which is divided into two hair, which is called the "fork head". A hair tail hanging down behind the head is trimmed into two sharp corners, called "dovetails". Since then, flat heads are popular, which is called "flat three sets" or "Suzhou 撅". This bun is suitable for all ages, changing high customs. Hair decoration also has characteristics. "Guanzi" is a case. There is also a "one -word" luxury and luxury, as high as a brand building, the big stretching wings that the royal family is the most famous.
Combing it, such as the peony head, lotus head, and bowl head of Kangxi and Qianlong years. This is such a luxurious style. Three layers of plate shape, fixed with puppets or crickets, dovetail shapes after the pupa, and the bowl head is shaped like a tadpole. Therefore, the haircuts are complicated. .
Da pull wings: Also known as "Qi Miao", it is the most distinctive hair style of the Manchu woman in the Qing Dynasty. The influence of the Han women's "Ruyi" evolved is loved by the Qing court ladies.
Guanzi, compilation: The elderly women in the Qing Dynasty mostly covered a hard paper and black Satin -made ornaments, embroidered with auspicious patterns, birthday characters, etc., and cut them on the pupa. Middle -aged women are mostly compiled with mane, and then mount the "compilation" of satin, then decorated with flowers, etc. It shows its beautiful and gorgeous color. The shape of the compilation is like a shoe gang, with only two walls, and then it has evolved into non -direct compilation.
Take a look at the hair accessories of ancient Chinese women:
1, step shake
The step shaking is a puppet or cricket on the top of the pearl and jade. Due to the Women's walking, the skirt must not be kept in the skirt. Move, otherwise it is unstable, but the vertical decoration shaking on the step is swaying, which greatly enriches the beauty of women. Most of the Pebu shakes are women with noble identity. Because of the noble materials used in the hair accessories, the production of the hair accessories is noble, the production is exquisite, and the shape is beautiful, so it is not used by ordinary women.
2, Huasheng
Hua Sheng is a hair accessory inserted on the bun or on the forehead. From the stills of Wang Xifeng in "A Dream of Red Mansions", we can watch the typical golden (Chaoyang Wufeng hanging beads) and Huasheng.
3, combing
This is a must -have hair accessory in ancient times, especially women.子 is a dense combing tool than a comb, which is used to remove dirt at the beginning.
4,
Is who are fifteen years old, they are adults, which is called "and 笄" years. People combed the old woman with a bun, inserted a cricket, and then removed after the gift.
5,
簪 is the development of 笄, which is also used for fixed buns. Use the front end to decorate, carve into plants (flowers), animals (phoenix peacocks), auspicious utensils (Ruyi) and other shapes, and can be made with valuable materials such as gold, jade, ivory, and crickets. Hermore and pan flowers.
6, 钗
Many people are basically the same as the ancient women's hair accessories and crickets. the difference.
Hairstyle:
is an important decoration of women's head, which can increase the beauty of its appearance. The changes in ancient women's hair style are extremely beautiful and versatile. They have been inherited in the past, constantly changing, from simplification to complexity, from complexity and simplicity, and alternately, there are many records. The remaining species. These hair names are named after the meaning of hairstyles and jewelry. Although there are many nicknames, it can be summarized as several basic types according to its editing method and hair style. Briefly describe:
1. The knot -type
The hairstyle is made of knot -like. , It is recorded: According to legend, when Emperor Hanwu, the Queen Yaochi came to the meeting. It is decorated with various jewelry, the golden breeze or the step shake, which is more gorgeous and noble. This high -ring hairstyle has one to nine -to -nine -to -nine -time hair style. It is the most distinguished hair style. Hair styles (from the eighty -seven fairy maps and the jade girls of Yongle Palace murals can also be witnessed). Girls who are not out of the room can also be used, but the decoration should not be too gorgeous. It is quite popular. After the Han Dynasty, the various generations of various generations are fairy hairstyles, and celebrity ladies also adopt.
The form of form is high, some, drooping, on the top of the head, there are on both sides, there are on both sides. You can also be ligated at will, change a lot, and can be used flexibly.
2. Wire rotation
Plane, and the post -resurrection of each other. This kind of haircut is to divide the hair into a few stocks, twisting the twist to twist the hair on the head. According to the records, when Zhenhou entered the Wei Palace, the palace was in the palace, and the palace was recorded. There is a green snake. When Zhenhou dresses daily, this snake is tangled, and Zhenhou imitates and combed into a bun. Every day, the snake -shaped change is different, so the number is "Spirit Snake" ①.
This hairstyle is flexible, vivid, and charm, which is easy to use by the goddess and the precious girls who are not out of the room. There are many forms of this hairstyle. In front of the head, the change is vivid and beautiful, and it is particularly common in ancient ladies painting. It can be used flexibly when the shape.
3. It can be seen with the tomb murals. In the tomb murals of Princess Yongtai, the granddaughter of Tang Wu Zetian, there are many stacked snails. According to records; If you do n’t go, the number is the snail. In Chang'an, this kind of “snail” is mainly made of disk. Method, stack the hairpin plate into a snail -shaped, place it on the top of the head or on both sides or the front forehead, and you can also stack a variety of forms at will.
Wang Yuyang's poem praises "green snails like a beautiful meal". According to the method of stacking, you can make a variety of snails. You can use it flexibly in the shape.
4. n
The "鬟 鬟 n" in this type of hairline is recorded in the record of the palace concubine in the palace of Emperor Weiwu. In the Terrace ", there is" Tang Wudezhong's half of the bun, anti -ravioli, dividing the hips ". Anti -pumping is a high -row hair, which is also a high -haired hair style. After closing, ligate with silk threads, and then divide several stocks to roll out various styles. It is called "alert bun", and it is also combed into a single or double -knife. It is called "turning the knife", and it also turns multiple shares of hair into fancy, called "Hundred Flowers". There are many forms and techniques, and they are all aggressive or reversed.
This hairstyle is mostly used by the concubine and noble girls. Girls who are not out of the room often leave a tail under the anti -ravioli bun, so that it is dangled behind the shoulders. , Also known as "dividing the” ， ". Although the names of the previous ages are different, their basic hair styles are similar. In the shape, it can be flexibly changed and referenced.
5. N
The hairstyles of ancient women are the most common. They are the most widely used and have been adopted in the past. They have been the longest. Use in use. It is just the high, flat, low, low, and vertebrae in front, middle, left and right, and other changes. Behind the head, pull it into a vertebral vertebral after the tie, and use the cricket or 钗 to run through it. It can be rolled into a vertebral, two -to three vertebrae, so that it can be erected on the top or sides of the head. Put the vertebral vertebrae on the head and let it fall down. It is called "fallen horse", also known as the "Liang's new makeup". For a while, Zhao Hede's roll was high when he entered the palace. ". Liang Hong's wife Meng Guang is good to comb the" vertebral hip ". ① These hair styles are all changes in vertebrae. Mastering their combination method can be changed or created all kinds of vertebrae. . Various vertebrae are mostly used by married young women.
6. Symmetric formula
Themodes have been used along the Qin and Han dynasties. Yayu "and" ， “", "Shuangya" is mainly the hair style of court maids and servants. According to rumors, Qin Shihuang Ling the court maid combined with Shuangya, wearing a back and shirt, all the time in the past. It is the same. This hair style is to divide the hair from the top of the top, comb the sides, and tie it to the sides, and then pull it into two major buns to place them symmetrically on both sides. Symmetric knotting, make it down, and be used by folk girls.
"丱 丱"
This is a kind of child hair. Therefore, it is called 其 ， ", its shape is to divide the hair into two major stocks, forming symmetrically into two vertebrae, placed on the top of the left and right sides, and a small tail hair is led to the downtown. To the shoulder, it is the main hairstyle of children of all ages.
This cicada, Bo Xuan, these two are not hairstyles, but various types of hairstyles must be equipped with two types of buns.
The cicada, according to records, it is made by Mo Qiong tree of Emperor Wei Wen Cao Yu, which is decorated with two buns. Called "Cicada", in the ancient poems, women often have "clouds and fog" sentences. The thin and transparent cicada buns and thick and strong hair style combination and contrast, making women's hairstyles rich and unique. R n
r ， ， ， r r r r r 0, "Supu" stipulates that the concubine in the palace must be blog, Mrs. Pingui also must be blog, and Bo Xuan covers her ears, or goes to go to her ears, or goes to go. Half the half -ears later is a kind of etiquette.
The most common hairstyles of women are divided into the above six categories according to their comb. The method of editing, adopting the methods of 鬟, sacrament, plate, 绾, stack, twist, knot, etc., combed more hair styles, and used the combination of dynasties, identities, age, personality, etc. Good women's hair style.
The Tang Dynasty women's hair style and versatile. Traveling. In the palace of the Emperor Ming, the double ring looked at the fairy, the back of the puppet, and the concubine made a sorrow. There is a bun in Zhenyuan, and there are no makeup. There are puppets, shocking stubbornness in Chang'an City, and throwing home and falling. "In addition, in the" Makeup Book ", and" New Tang Book "," Chinese Ancient and Modern Note ", there are also posts on women in the Tang Dynasty. The description of the puppet -style. The archaeological workers of the cultural relics have seen some of the pottery figurines unearthed from the tombs of the Tang Dynasty, as well as some bun styles described in ancient books and murals, but none Changan Pingkangfang and Xuanquan Sancai Kiln unearthed pottery figurines in the western suburbs are so concentrated and diverse. Now I will introduce me and the collection of Tang Changan Sancai Kiln Pottery and their hair styles to be introduced separately in order to from the Tang Dynasty. Women's puzzled hair style spy on the prosperity and openness of the society in the Tang Dynasty.
In 1368, the famous ancestor Zhu Yuanzhang became the emperor in Ying Tian, and the country was Ming Ming. After the founding of the Ming Dynasty, he adopted a series of Methods to be practical to resume production. Due to the improvement of productivity, the market has been further expanded, and the new industries have continued to emerge. Some industrial cities have formed. After the regime, we pay attention to rectifying the etiquette that does not meet the customs of the Han nationality, and mostly adopt and restore the system and customs of the Tang and Song dynasties. From the information collected, the hair styles of the Ming Dynasty are not as rich as the Tang and Song dynasties, but It also has some characteristics of this era.
The early inheritance of the Song and Yuan dynasties in the early Ming Dynasty. After Jiajing, the hair style of women has changed significantly. For the hair style, the woman's bun combed into a flat and round shape, and then decorated with flowers on the top of the bun. In the future, it evolves into gold and silver wire, and the bun is combed high. There are many deformation hair styles, such as "peach tip of the top", "goose gallbladder" and the "fallen horse" imitating the Han Dynasty. Similar to the snail buns during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. It is called "handle", which is a simple and generous hair style that Jiangnan women prefer, especially the lack of this bun in the Yahuan. In the folk woman.
If fake 髻: Also known as the puppet, the maid and woman in the Ming Dynasty palace love. The form of fake buns is mostly antique. The method of making is to use iron wire first, and then the hair on the hair becomes a kind of makeup decoration. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, it was specially sold in some jewelry shops and ready -made fake buns.
The head hoop: Also known as "forehead". In the Ming Dynasty, the old women or the little girl were very popular. Just live in the hair, the first fashion is wide and narrow, the practicality is for hair, and the decorative nature is also tied on the forehead. This decoration is from the Ming Dynasty.
peony head: a type of Gao Hao, Suzhou is popular, and then gradually spread to the north. You Di Poems: "It smells that Jiangnan is one foot tall, and the sixth palace is struggling to learn the peony head. "People say that they can't raise their heads, describing their hair type tall, actual about seven inches, fluffy and glorious, and the tail of the hair is applied. This kind of hair style generally places the wigs of the wigs.
The palace maid 式 式, wearing lotus crown, 簪
The analysis of the hairstyle of the Qing Dynasty n The ancestors of the Qing Dynasty were the Manchu people who originally lived in northeast China. From this one after another, the Manchu aristocracy entered the Qing Dynasty in 1644 in 1644. Since then in 1911, the Qing Dynasty experienced three stages in the Qing Dynasty. , Further development of the mid -term socio -economic development, capitalism has begun to sprout, and the decline and disintegration of the feudal social system in the end.
After the establishment of a regime in the Governor in the customs, the Han nationality followed the Manchu customs and shaved hair and stayed. The braids are one of them. Women's hair style and makeup decorations in the early Qing Dynasty also retained the characteristics of their own nation, and gradually changed in the future. . In the middle of the period, the hair style is advocated, such as imitating the hair style of the Manchu palace, which is divided into two hair, which is called the "fork head". A hair tail hanging down behind the head is trimmed into two sharp corners, called "dovetails". Since then, flat heads are popular, which is called "flat three sets" or "Suzhou 撅". This bun is suitable for all ages, changing high customs. Hair decoration also has characteristics. "Guanzi" is a case. There is also a "one -word" luxury and luxury, as high as a brand building, the big stretching wings that the royal family is the most famous.
Combing it, such as the peony head, lotus head, and bowl head of Kangxi and Qianlong years. This is such a luxurious style. Three layers of plate shape, fixed with puppets or crickets, dovetail shapes after the pupa, and the bowl head is shaped like a tadpole. Therefore, the haircuts are complicated. .
Da pull wings: Also known as "Qi Miao", it is the most distinctive hair style of the Manchu woman in the Qing Dynasty. The influence of the Han women's "Ruyi" evolved is loved by the Qing court ladies.
Guanzi, compilation: The elderly women in the Qing Dynasty mostly covered a hard paper and black Satin -made ornaments, embroidered with auspicious patterns, birthday characters, etc., and cut them on the pupa. Middle -aged women are mostly compiled with mane, and then mount the "compilation" of satin, then decorated with flowers, etc. It shows its beautiful and gorgeous color. The shape of the compilation is like a shoe gang, with only two walls, and then it has evolved into non -direct compilation.